Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, is named after President George Washington on September 09, 1791

Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, is named after President George Washington: On this day in 1791, The capital of the United States was named after George Washington.

He was even accused of using the American War of Independence to replace the British king i.e. to rule the United States of America as a monarch.

George Washington was the first President of the United States, a general and a military leader who won the War of Independence.

Before Washington, D.C., became America’s capital in 1800, the Congress met in a number of different locations, including Baltimore, Trenton and New York City. After years of debate by the new nation’s leaders about the selection of a permanent seat of government, Congress passed the Residence Act in July 1790, which declared that the capital would be situated somewhere along the Potomac River and granted President George Washington the power to choose the final site. The president also was given the authority to appoint three commissioners to oversee the federal city’s development, and a deadline of December 1800 was established for the completion of a legislative hall for Congress and residence for the chief executive.

In January 1791, George Washington announced his choice for the federal district: 100 square miles of land ceded by Maryland and Virginia (in 1846, the Virginia land was returned to the state, shrinking the district by a third). In September 1791, the commissioners named the federal city in honor of Washington and dubbed the district in which it was located the Territory of Columbia.

The name Columbia, derived from explorer Christopher Columbus, was used during the American Revolution era as a patriotic reference for the United States (In 1871, the Territory of Columbia officially was renamed District of Columbia.) Meanwhile, in the spring of 1791, the president hired French-born architect and engineer Pierre Charles L’Enfant to lay out the capital city. L’Enfant, who served in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, created a design that featured wide avenues and open spaces; however, he clashed with George Washington’s commissioners as well as local landowners and was forced to resign from the project after less than a year. L’Enfant’s design was revised by later planners.

Congress met in Washington for the first time in November 1800 (the man for whom the city was named had died in December of the previous year), and in February 1801 the District of Columbia, which at the time also included the cities of Alexandria and Georgetown, was placed under the control of Congress.

When the leaders of the new nation were deciding about the capital of the newly independent state, Washington used his influence, and the town of Alexandria also became “part” of the capital. In fact, Washington’s residence was located there. He owned a house and a plantation (Mount Vernon).

The procedure was very interesting. The former capital was Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The politicians didn’t want the capital to be part of any state, but part of the neutral territory. They decided the existing states would cede their territories, and a neutral district would be established (District of Columbia or D.C.).

Maryland and Virginia ceded exactly 100 square miles on both sides of the Potomac River. The new monumental city was built.

But slave owners in Virginia feared that the federal government would abolish slavery on their land. They asked the Virginian authorities to withdraw the grant and return the land to Virginia.

It is interesting to note that this was actually done. The state of Virginia took its part of the District of Columbia, so Washington, D.C. only owned the land which was donated by the state of Maryland. Therefore, the present-day District of Columbia does not have 100, but only 68.3 square miles.

It is interesting to note that only one U.S. state gave the whole of the envisioned territory to the capital – the state of Maryland.

The state was named after the Blessed Virgin Mary, and it was founded by Lord Baltimore, who was an English aristocrat and a Catholic.

History Channel / Wikipedia / Encyclopedia Britannica / D.C. History Center.org / University of Massachusetts Boston.edu / University of Virginia - Miller Center.org / Boundary Stones.org/ / Virginia Places.org / Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, is named after President George Washington on September 09, 1791 (YouTube)

This Day in History September 09

•    9 Battle of the Teutoburg Forest: Arminius alliance of six Germanic tribes ambushes and annihilates three Roman legions of Publius Quinctilius Varus.

•  339 Roman Empire is divided between the three Augusti: Constantine II, Constantius II and Constans succeed their father Constantine I as co-emperors.

• 1000 Viking Age: Battle of Svolder.

• 1543 Mary Stuart:, at nine months old, is crowned Queen of Scots.

• 1939 World War II: Invasion of Poland: Battle of Hel: begins the longest-defended pocket of Polish Army against German resistance.

• 1942 World War II: Lookout Air Raids: A Japanese floatplane drops incendiary bombs on Oregon.

• 1943 World War II: Operation Avalanche and Operation Slapstick: Allies land at Salerno and Taranto, Italy.

• 1944 World War II: Bulgarian coup d'état: The Fatherland Front takes power in Bulgaria through a military coup in the capital and armed rebellion in the country. A new pro-Soviet government is established.

• 1945 World War II: Second Sino-Japanese War: The Empire of Japan formally surrenders to China.

• 1947 First case of a computer bug being found: A moth lodges in a relay of a Harvard Mark II computer at Harvard University.

• 1956 Elvis Presley appears on The Ed Sullivan Show for the first time.

Understanding Military Terminology

Packup kit

(DOD) Service-provided maintenance gear sufficient for a short-term deployment, including spare parts and consumables most commonly needed by the deployed helicopter detachment. Supplies are sufficient for a short-term deployment but do not include all material needed for every maintenance task.

Also called PUK.

Joint Publications (JP 3-04) Joint Shipboard Helicopter and Tiltrotor Aircraft Operations

Parallel chains of command

In amphibious operations, a parallel system of command, responding to the interrelationship of participating forces, wherein corresponding commanders are established at each subordinate level of all components to facilitate coordinated planning for, and execution of, the amphibious operation.

Joint Publications (JP 3-02) Joint Doctrine for Amphibious Operations

The Old Salt’s Corner

“The Odyssey”

Book XVIII

Now there came a certain common tramp who used to go begging all over the city of Ithaca, and was notorious as an incorrigible glutton and drunkard. This man had no strength nor stay in him, but he was a great hulking fellow to look at; his real name, the one his mother gave him, was Arnaeus, but the young men of the place called him Irus, because he used to run errands for any one who would send him. As soon as he came he began to insult Ulysses, and to try and drive him out of his own house.

“Be off, old man”, he cried, “from the doorway, or you shall be dragged out neck and heels. Do you not see that they are all giving me the wink, and wanting me to turn you out by force, only I do not like to do so? Get up then, and go of yourself, or we shall come to blows.”

Ulysses frowned on him and said, “My friend, I do you no manner of harm; people give you a great deal, but I am not jealous. There is room enough in this doorway for the pair of us, and you need not grudge me things that are not yours to give. You seem to be just such another tramp as myself, but perhaps the gods will give us better luck by and by. Do not, however, talk too much about fighting or you will incense me, and old though I am, I shall cover your mouth and chest with blood. I shall have more peace to-morrow if I do, for you will not come to the house of Ulysses any more.”

Irus was very angry and answered, “You filthy glutton, you run on trippingly like an old fish-fag. I have a good mind to lay both hands about you, and knock your teeth out of your head like so many boar's tusks. Get ready, therefore, and let these people here stand by and look on. You will never be able to fight one who is so much younger than yourself.”

“The Odyssey” - Book XVIII continued ...

~ Homer

Written 800 B.C.E

Translated by Samuel Butler

“The Odyssey” - Table Of Contents

“I’m Just Sayin”

“The test of the morality of a society is what it does for its children.”

“We must learn to regard people less in the light of what they do or omit to do,

and more in the light of what they suffer.”

“We are not to simply bandage the wounds of victims beneath the wheels of injustice,

we are to drive a spoke into the wheel itself.”

~ Dietrich Bonhoeffer

“Thought for the Day”

“We are born princes and the civilizing process makes us frogs.”

“It is kindness to immediately refuse what you intend to deny.”

“He who lives in solitude may make his own laws.”

“What the mind doesn't understand,

Let a fool hold his tongue and he will pass for a sage.”

~ Publilius Syrus

“What I Learned”

“Adversity introduces a man to himself.”

“A bore is someone who, when you ask him how he is, tells you.”

“Summer: The time of year that children slam the door they left open all winter.”

~ Anonymous

Second Hand News: Articles from Week 37 - September 07, 2020 - September 13, 2020

Disgraced FBI agent Peter Strzok claim about Russia inquiry contradicted by Mueller and Justice Department Inspector General • Kamala Harris: Russian interference could cost us the election • Federal Judge upheld the Justice Department’s redactions in thousands of pages of witness interviews from Robert Mueller’s Russia investigation as part of ongoing litigation for access to information from Special Counsel Inquiry

Trump threatens to pull funding from schools over 1619 Project • Wall Street Journal editorial board members bemoan 'reinventing history' after report targets D.C. landmarks • Thousands flood New Jersey in support of Trump and law enforcement: 'Show the boys in blue we’re here and we support you'

MOST READ: HAIRGATE: San Francisco gym owners livid after discovering gyms in government buildings open for months • What Joe Biden didn't let himself see in Pennsylvania • Cherokee WWII veteran recounts Battle of the Bulge 76 years later Washington Examiner

Biden’s Promise To Restore The Iran Deal Would Be A Disaster In Waiting • If Joe Biden Wins, Will The Pandemic Suddenly Disappear? • Police Unions Protect Bad Cops, And Joe Biden Would Make It Worse

The Media Are Lying About The Election Again • How The Atlantic’s Helicopter Hit Job On Trump Follows The Left’s Propaganda Playbook • Atlantic Editor Concedes Central Claim Of Trump Hit Piece Could Be Wrong

MOST READ: Nearly 10 Miles Of Cars Line Up For Trump - And A Raucous Night In Small Town America • House Speaker Nancy Pelosi: Republicans Are ‘Domestic Enemies’ ‘Trying To Interfere In Our Election’ • 50 Plus Questions No Reporter Dares Ask Joe Biden And His Campaign • I Was Wrong About Trump. He Didn’t Destroy the Republican Party, He Saved It

Former Acting Director of the National Intelligence Richard Grenell Goes To Town On Idiot Reporters: Maybe You’re Too Young Or Dumb To Intelligently Discuss Actual Issues • Why Is Drew Brees Wearing The Name Of An Alleged Rapist On His Helmet? • The Left Doesn’t Really Want To Abolish The Police. They Want To Be The Police • HAIRGATE: House of Representatives Speaker Nancy Pelosi: I Was ‘Set Up’ For Embarrassing Salon Visit Violating COVID Orders The Federalist

CORRUPTION CHRONICLES: CHAOS in #Portland & America Continues...NEW LAWSUIT on Secret Service Incident w/ Biden...& MORE!

“Investigating the Investigators:” Judicial Watch Files Suit after Secret Service Admits to Destroying Records Related to Alleged Biden Altercation with Secret Service Agent

Spygate Continues: The New Strzok-Page Emails

Americans Assaulted: When Local Officials Refuse to Enforce The Law Judicial Watch

DEFUND NPR Does Its CEO's Bidding, Attacking His Trump-Appointed Successor at the Voice of America (VOA) • Former Acting Director of National Intelligence Rick Grenell Demolishes White House Press Corps; ‘People Aren’t Listening to You Anymore!’ • Hypocritical Hack: MSNBC's Al Sharpton Defends Biden's Record on Race

CNN Lauds Author Blaming Racism for Poor Whites Voting Republicans • NBC'/MSNBC's Chuck Todd Has a Problem With Mail-in-Voting: Disqualifying Ballots Could Help Trump • Dana Bash's CNN Suck-Up Sentimental Journey to Howard University with Kamala News Busters

Mr. Answer Man Please Tell Us: The Fear of the Number 13

Just like walking under a ladder, crossing paths with a black cat or breaking a mirror, many people fear the 13th brings bad luck. Though it’s uncertain exactly when this particular tradition began, negative superstitions have swirled around the number 13 for centuries.

While Western cultures have historically associated the number 12 with completeness (there are 12 days of Christmas, 12 months of the year and astrological signs, 12 labors of Hercules, 12 gods of Olympus and 12 tribes of Israel, are a few examples), its successor 13 has a long history as a sign of bad luck.

The ancient Code of Hammurabi, for example, reportedly omitted a 13th law from its list of legal rules. Though this was probably a clerical error, superstitious people sometimes point to this as proof of 13’s longstanding negative associations.

Fear of the number 13 has even earned a psychological term: triskaidekaphobia.

Researchers estimate that at least 10 percent of the U.S. population has a fear of the number 13, and each year the even more specific fear of Friday the 13, known as paraskevidekatriaphobia, results in financial losses in excess of $800 million annually, as people avoid marrying, traveling or in the most severe cases, even working. But what’s so unlucky about the number 13, and how did this numerical superstition get started?

An early myth surrounding the origin of the fear involved one of the world’s oldest legal documents, the Code of Hammurabi, which reportedly omitted a 13th law from its list of legal rules. In reality, the omission was no more than a clerical error made by one of the document’s earliest translators who failed to include a line of text - in fact, the code doesn’t numerically list its laws at all.

Mathematicians and scientists, meanwhile, point to preeminence of the number 12, often considered a “perfect” number, in the ancient world. The ancient Sumerians developed numeral system based on the use of 12 that is still used for measuring time today; most calendars have 12 months; a single day is comprised of two 12-hour half days, etc. Following so closely on the heels of a “perfect” number, some argue, the poor 13 was sure to be found lacking and unusual.

This fear of the unknown would seem to play into two other popular theories for the number’s unlucky connotation, both of which revolve around the appearance of a 13th guest at two ancient events: In the Bible, Judas Iscariot, the 13th guest to arrive at the Last Supper, is the person who betrays Jesus. Meanwhile ancient Norse lore holds that evil and turmoil were first introduced in the world by the appearance of the treacherous and mischievous god Loki at a dinner party in Valhalla. He was the 13th guest, upsetting the balance of the 12 gods already in attendance.

History Channel / Wikipedia / Encyclopedia Britannica / Global Security.org / Quora / The Fear of the Number 13 (YouTube)

NAVSPEAK aka U.S. Navy Slang

Papa Chuck: The P-3C Orion patrol aircraft. Also called “Four fans of freedom”, a desirable platform for airedales who have no wish to spend any time whatsoever at sea.

Paper Assholes: Gummed Reinforcements (office supplies); Paper Ensigns.

P.A.P.E.R.C.L.I.P.: People Against People Ever Reenlisting Civilian Life Is Preferable. Term used to show dissatisfaction with enlistment or unity amongst a brotherhood of bitter and disaffected sailors, specifically submariners. Often symbolized by the wearing of a paperclip on the uniform in varying levels of prominence to indicate the sailor's level of disgruntlement. May also be burned into the skin. C.L.I.P. also used as Civilian Life Incentive Program.

Pass in Review: The ceremony of graduation from boot camp into Navy life. Pass in Review ceremonies are always held on a Friday, meaning that there is a Pass in Review held every week, except during federal holidays i.e. Christmas, New Year's Day, Easter, etc.

Wiktionary.org

Just for you MARINE

Parade Deck: Area set aside for the conduct of parades, drill, and ceremonies, often paved or well-maintained lawn. See also grinder.

Paradise Island: Nickname for Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island.

Passageway: Corridor or hallway.

Wikipedia.org

Naval Aviation Squadron Nicknames

HT-8 Helicopter Training (HT) Squadron EIGHT - nicknamed the “Eightballers”

United States Navy Naval Air Station - United States Navy Helicopter Training Squadron, Naval Air Station Whiting Field Milton, Florida / Marine Corps and U. S. Coast Guard Student Naval Aviators / Lineage: HTU-1: December 3, 1950 - March 1957; HTG-1: March 1957- July 1, 1960; HT-8: July 1, 2060 - present.

Where Did That Saying Come From?

“Rome wasn't built in a day:”

Meaning: The proverbial saying 'Rome wasn't built in a day' suggests that a complex task or great achievement takes time and effort and should not be rushed.

History: The earliest known version of this expression is found in the collection of medieval French poems Li Proverbe au Vilain, which was published around 1190:

“Rome ne fu[t] pas faite toute en un jour.”

The expression is first found in English in Richard Taverner's translation from the Latin of Erasmus's Prouerbes, 1545:

“Ye may use this prouerbe when ye wol signifie that one daye... is not ynoughe for... acheuinge... a great matter... Rome was not buylt in one day.”

John Heywood's “A Dialogue Conteinyng the Nomber in Effect of all the Prouerbes in the Englishe Tongue”, was published within a few months and contained the same proveb:

“Rome was not bylt on a daie (quoth he) & yet stood Tyll it was fynysht, as some saie, full fayre.”

The proverb was well enough known for Queen Elizabeth I to have included it in a public address that she made on a visit to Cambridge in 1564:

“But this common saying has given me a certain amount of comfort - a saying which cannot take away, but can at least lessen, the grief that I feel; and the saying is, that Rome was not built in one day.”

Phrases.org UK

Science & Technology

Strongly 'handed' squirrels less good at learning • Local water availability is permanently reduced after planting forests • Male sparrows are less intimidated by the songs of aging rivals • XMM-Newton discovers scorching gas in Milky Way's halo Phys.org / MedicalXpress / TechXplore

Guidemaster: Smartwatches worthy of replacing your favorite timepiece • SpaceX successfully completes its Dragon abort test [Updated] • The machines are whispering: We tested AI Dungeon 2 and cannot stop laughing • Tremors turns 30, the most perfect B movie creature feature ever made • Goop’s Netflix series: It’s so much worse than expected and can’t unsee it ARS Technica

Bizarre News (we couldn’t make up stuff this good - real news story)

In death of dinosaurs, it was all about the asteroid - not volcanoes

Source: Yale University

Summary: Volcanic activity did not play a direct role in the mass extinction event that killed the dinosaurs, according to an international team of researchers. It was all about the asteroid.

In a break from a number of other recent studies, Yale assistant professor of geology & geophysics Pincelli Hull and her colleagues argue in a new research paper in Science that environmental impacts from massive volcanic eruptions in India in the region known as the Deccan Traps happened well before the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago and therefore did not contribute to the mass extinction.

Most scientists acknowledge that the mass extinction event, also known as K-Pg, occurred after an asteroid slammed into Earth. Some researchers also have focused on the role of volcanoes in K-Pg due to indications that volcanic activity happened around the same time.

“Volcanoes can drive mass extinctions because they release lots of gases, like SO2 and CO2, that can alter the climate and acidify the world”, said Hull, lead author of the new study. “But recent work has focused on the timing of lava eruption rather than gas release.”

To pinpoint the timing of volcanic gas emission, Hull and her colleagues compared global temperature change and the carbon isotopes (an isotope is an atom with a higher or lower number of neutrons than normal) from marine fossils with models of the climatic effect of CO2 release. They concluded that most of the gas release happened well before the asteroid impact -- and that the asteroid was the sole driver of extinction.

“Volcanic activity in the late Cretaceous caused a gradual global warming event of about two degrees, but not mass extinction”, said former Yale researcher Michael Henehan, who compiled the temperature records for the study. “A number of species moved toward the North and South poles but moved back well before the asteroid impact.”

Added Hull,

“A lot of people have speculated that volcanoes mattered to K-Pg, and we're saying, 'No, they didn't.'”

Recent work on the Deccan Traps, in India, has also pointed to massive eruptions in the immediate aftermath of the K-Pg mass extinction. These results have puzzled scientists because there is no warming event to match. The new study suggests an answer to this puzzle, as well.

“The K-Pg extinction was a mass extinction and this profoundly altered the global carbon cycle”, said Yale postdoctoral associate Donald Penman, the study's modeler. “Our results show that these changes would allow the ocean to absorb an enormous amount of CO2 on long time scales - perhaps hiding the warming effects of volcanism in the aftermath of the event.”

The International Ocean Discovery Program, the National Science Foundation, and Yale University helped fund the research.

Science Daily (01/15/2020)

Second Hand News: Articles from Week 37 - September 07, 2020 - September 13, 2020

UNREST ACROSS AMERICA: “Black Lives Matter” - Outrageous moment “BLM” protesters scream 'white silence is violence' and harass elderly outdoor diners by downing their drinks, smashing their tables and demanding they raise their fists in solidarity • NYC woman sucker punched in the face by three teens 'aged between 14 and 18' who stole her purse in yet another week of violence in the city

Trump threatens to defund the California public schools who teach The 1619 Project which reframes U.S. history around slavery after he canceled 'un-American' federal racial sensitivity training • 'We have two systems of justice in America:' Kamala Harris slams Donald Trump and Attorney General William Barr for denying there is systematic racism in the U.S. and claims Russian election interference could cost Biden the election

Thousands of Trump supporters hold more 'Great American Boat Parade' events over Labor Day Weekend after five boats sank in Texas • Osama Bin Laden's niece says Trump is the only president who can prevent another 9/11 and claims another terrorist attack is around the corner if Joe Biden is elected president

China, Russia and Iran 'have deployed spies to steal U.S. vaccine research in an intelligence war targeting biotech companies and university research centers' • 430 'gas bombs' discovered in the Arctic are at risk of exploding and creating huge craters 'as well as disrupting energy supplies' • China quietly lands its ultra-secret experimental spacecraft and claims it achieved 'key breakthroughs in reusable technologies'

The Blitz 80 years on: Nazi Germany launched the biggest bombing raid ever seen to try to bring defiant Britain to its knees. Here, hour by hour in chilling detail, JONATHAN MAYO documents the first week Daily Mail

Atlantic Editor Defends Using Anonymous Sources For Trump Hit Piece - Back In 2016 - He Blasted Using Anonymous Sources Targeting Him • ‘It Must Stop:’ California Church Pleads For Relief After County Fines Approach $60,000

Jacob Blake Shares Bedside Message: ‘Change Y’all Lives,’ ‘It’s Nothing But Pain’ • Patrons At A Sports Bar Shamed Over Lack Of Social Distancing By Media Running Cover For Racial Protests

Report: Tenured Professor Fired From Christian University Over ‘Little Hitler’ Song Warning Of Hatred, Sin • Biden Visits Kenosha Following Jacob Blake Shooting, Declines To Explain Tax Plan: ‘They’ll Shoot Me’

HAIRGATE: ‘Angry Salon Customers’ Protest At House of Representatives Speaker Nancy Pelosi’s Home; Hang Blow Dryers And Curlers On Pelosi’s Tree • Twice-Elected Democratic Indiana Sheriff Joins Republican Party • Michael Moore Scolds Biden For Going After ‘White Racist Redneck Votes In Michigan’ Daily Wire

Why did Joe Biden go to Pittsburgh on Monday?    Why did Governor Andrew Cuomo threaten President Donald Trump with violence in New York City?   

NATO has a grave problem of internal inconsistencies,   

Macron promotes a Pax Mediterranea to stop Turkey.   

Beirut: enormous cache of unexploded ammonium nitrate. Even belligerent sects protect each other’s corruption.   

German intell services report more Iranian nuclear skullduggery.   

The lava tubes of Mars are future Martian cities.    SpaceX Starship hops again.    John Batchelor (09/07/2020)