Old Sailors' Almanac - Week 17, 2021 (Fluid Design based on percentage of screen platform

United States agent William Eaton a small force of U.S. Marines and Berber mercenaries “to the shores of Tripoli” on April 27, 1805

United States agent William Eaton a small force of U.S. Marines and Berber mercenaries “to the shores of Tripoli”: After marching 500 miles from Egypt, U.S. agent William Eaton leads a small force of U.S. Marines and Berber mercenaries against the Tripolitan port city of Derna.

The Marines and Berbers were on a mission to depose Yusuf Karamanli, the ruling pasha of Tripoli, who had seized power from his brother, Hamet Karamanli, a pasha who was sympathetic to the United States.

The First Barbary War had begun four years earlier, when U.S. President Thomas Jefferson ordered U.S. Navy vessels to the Mediterranean Sea in protest of continuing raids against U.S. ships by pirates from the Barbary states–Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Tripolitania.

American sailors were often abducted along with the captured booty and ransomed back to the United States at an exorbitant price.

After two years of minor confrontations, sustained action began in June 1803, when a small U.S. expeditionary force attacked Tripoli harbor in present-day Libya.

Battle of Derna: In April 1805, a major American victory came during the Derna campaign, which was undertaken by U.S. land forces in North Africa.

Supported by the heavy guns of the USS Argus and the USS Hornet, Marines and Arab mercenaries under William Eaton captured Derna and deposed Yusuf Karamanli. Lieutenant Presley O’ Bannon, commanding the Marines, performed so heroically in the battle that Hamet Karamanli presented him with an elaborately designed sword that now serves as the pattern for the swords carried by Marine officers.

The phrase “to the shores of Tripoli”, from the official song of the U.S. Marine Corps, also has its origins in the Derna campaign.

History Channel / Wikipedia / Encyclopedia Britannica NAVY: Naval History and Heritage Command / Library Of Congress.gov / National Archives.gov / Monticello.org / Washington Papers.org / United States agent William Eaton a small force of U.S. Marines and Berber mercenaries “to the shores of Tripoli” on April 27, 1805 (YouTube)

This Day in History April 27

• 1667 Blind and impoverished, John Milton sells Paradise Lost to a printer for £10, so that it could be entered into the Stationers' Register.

• 1777 American Revolutionary War: Battle of Ridgefield: A British invasion force engages and defeats Continental Army regulars and militia irregulars at Ridgefield, Connecticut.

• 1813 War of 1812: Battle of York American troops capture York, the capital of Upper Canada.

• 1861 American Civil War: Baltimore riot of 1861: A pro-Secession mob in Baltimore attacks United States Army troops marching through the city.

• 1903 Kishinev Pogrom: Kishinev (Bessarabia) begins, forcing tens of thousands of Jews to later seek refuge in Palestine and the Western world.

• 1927 Shanghai Massacre of 1927: Mae West is sentenced to ten days in jail for obscenity for her play “Sex”.

• 1917 World War I: Battle of Vimy Ridge: Canadian forces successfully complete the taking of Vimy Ridge from the Germans.

• 1934 U.S. Auto-Lite Strike: egins, culminating in a five-day melee between Ohio National Guard troops and 6,000 strikers and picketers.

• 1942 World War II: In Poland, the Majdan-Tatarski ghetto is established, situated between the Lublin Ghetto and a Majdanek subcamp.

• 1943 World War II: In Poland, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: after German troops enter the Warsaw Ghetto to round up the remaining Jews.

• 1971 Charles Manson is sentenced to death (later commuted to life imprisonment) for Tate–LaBianca murders.

• 1995 Oklahoma City bombing: The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, is bombed, killing 168 people including 19 children under the age of six.

• 1999 Decision on the Capital of Germany: The German Bundestag returns to Berlin.

• 2013 Boston Marathon bombing: suspect Tamerlan Tsarnaev is killed in a shootout with police. His brother Dzhokhar is later captured hiding in a boat inside a backyard in the suburb of Watertown.

• 2020 Nova Scotia attacks: A killing spree in Nova Scotia, Canada, leaves 22 people and the perpetrator dead, making it the deadliest rampage in the country's history.

Wikipedia.org

Air Wings

As mentioned earlier, the carrier air wing forms the primary offensive capability of the deployed carrier battlegroup. The air wing is a balanced force that performs a multitude of missions for the battlegroup commander. These include fleet air defense, attack and strike missions, early airborne warning, electronic warfare, SUW, USW, AW, and day-to-day logistics. The air wing is a self-contained unit with its own commanding officer and administrative support (air wing organization will be discussed in Module 6). Listed below is a typical carrier air wing (CVW). Note that it contains both fixed and variable wing aircraft of different class and capability. Actual CVW compositions may vary.

Typical Carrier Air Wing (CVW)

AC Type AC Name Mission Squadrons Planes per Squadron

F/A-18 Hornet AW/Strike 3 10-12 planes

F-14 Tomcat Air Superiority 2 10-14 planes

E-2C Hawkeye Surveillance 1 4 planes

S-3A/B Viking USW/Attack/EW 1 (detachment) 8 planes

ES-3B Viking EW Surveillance 1 2 planes

EA-6B Prowler EW 1 4 planes

SH-60 Sea Hawk USW/OTH/SAR 1 6 helicopters

C-2 Cod Cargo/Transport 1 (detachment) 2 planes

Mr. Answer Man Please Tell Us: Vaccination vs. Immunization vs. Inoculation: What's the Difference?

The terms immunization, vaccination, and inoculation are often used interchangeably, but the terms technically have different meanings. While the differences may seem semantic, using the terms correctly can help avoid misunderstandings.

Vaccination and Immunization

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), vaccination and immunization are related, although one essentially describes an action while the other describes the effect. By the WHO definition:

• Vaccination employs vaccines to stimulate the body’s own immune system to protect the person against subsequent infection or disease.

• Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine.

Immunization confers immunity. As such, a person can become immune to a disease when the body is exposed to the disease-causing organism (pathogen) and develops antibodies to fight it. The exposure can occur either through vaccination or natural infection.

the term immunization infers vaccination rather than natural infection.

Immunization describes the actual immunological changes your body goes through after receiving a vaccine.

Inoculation and Vaccination

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines a vaccine as “a product that stimulates a person’s immune system to produce immunity to a specific disease, protecting the person from that disease.”

Although inoculation and vaccination are sometimes used interchangeably, one is ultimately an act and the other is the process that spurs immunity. By definition:

• Inoculation is the act of introducing a vaccine into a person's body. It can be used in other contexts, such as when a culture is inoculated with body fluids (such as from a nasal swab) to test for the presence of a bacterium or virus.

• Vaccination is the process of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce immunity to a specific disease. Vaccines are usually administered through needle injections but can also be administered by mouth or sprayed into a nostril.

What Vaccines Do

Vaccination and immunization aim to protect people from potentially deadly diseases. Diseases like polio and influenza that once killed millions can now be prevented through vaccination.

When you receive a vaccine, the immune system will recognize the substance as harmful and tailor-make antibodies designed to target that disease and that disease alone.

This is referred to as the acquired (or adaptive) immune response. The adaptive response not only attacks and neutralizes the specific pathogen but leaves behind memory cells to re-launch an attack should the pathogen return. Doing so reduces your risk of symptomatic illness should reinfection occur.

The duration of immunity can vary by the vaccine, with some wearing off relatively quickly and others providing durable protection. In cases where immunity has begun to wane, revaccination or booster shots may be needed. Tetanus is one such example.

When enough people in a community are vaccinated, it can provide protection to everyone, even those that have not been vaccinated. It does so by reducing the number of people able to spread the infection within that community, a process referred to as herd immunity.

This is how public health officials have been able to eradicate (or nearly eradicate) diseases like polio, mumps, and measles that once claimed millions of lives. When diseases aren't able to spread, they eventually die out.

The History of Vaccines and Vaccinationsn

How to Talk to Someone Who Is Skeptical About Vaccines

Top 20 Vaccines You Should Know About

Very Well Health / Inoculation - Immunization - Vaccination, Wikipedia / Inoculation - Immunization - Vaccination, Encyclopedia Britannica / MedlinePlus.gov / Scientisty / Mental Floss / Quora / Vaccination vs. Immunization vs. Inoculation: What's the Difference? (YouTube)

NAVSPEAK aka U.S. Navy Slang

Sig (Navy Nukes): A signature on a qualification card. There are many, many “qual cards” in the Sub Service, especially if you're a Nuke. (see “Nuke” above).

Sig: Naval Air Station (NAS) Sigonella, Sicily.

Sigs: A Signalman (SM); a former rating, now merged with Quartermaster. May also refer to the Signal Bridge on the intercom..

Sims: Simulators.

Single-Digit Midget: Sailor with less that ten days left before their EAOS (End of Active Obligated Service).

Single up: o remove one 'loop' line of a doubled-up line, so that only a single line remains. During the act of getting underway, an order to “Single up all lines” is given, because the lines that are used to keep a ship moored to the pier are often doubled up, such that removal of first one 'loop' of line, then the other, is necessary before a ship can move away from the pier.

Sinker: Loss of contact with a submarine being tracked by a surface ship when the submarine submerges. Also refers to a friend who has become non-responsive. “John and I were buds on the (ship name) but then he went sinker and I never heard from him again.”

Sinking Sarah: USS Saratoga, which had issues with sinking while tied up alongside the pier.

Wiktionary.org

Just for you MARINE

Sidearm: Weapon (usually a pistol) carried by a sentry under arms; also, cream and sugar in coffee.

Side Straddle Hop: Jumping Jack.

Silver Bullet: Rectal thermometer used to check the core temperature of a person suffering from heat-related injuries, such as hyperthermia; often referred to as an incentive to avoid dehydration.

Wikipedia.org

Naval Aviation Squadron Nicknames

HSM-41 Helicopter Maritime Strike (HSM) Squadron FOUR ONE - nicknamed the “Seahawks”

United States Navy - Marine Corps Commander, Helicopter Maritime Strike Wing Atlantic - Naval Air Station North Island, Naval Base Coronado, San Diego, California / Coronado, California / HSL-41: January 21, 1983 - December 08, 2005 / HSM-41: December 08, 2005 - present

Where Did That Saying Come From?

“An apple a day keeps the doctor away:”

Meaning: The proverb “An apple a day keeps the doctor away” has a straightforward literal, and very probably correct, meaning - that the eating of fruit maintains good health.

History: It isn't often that I get the opportunity to list Wales as the source of a commonplace English phrase. There's a fair chance that this little maxim originated there as the earliest known example of its use in print makes that claim. The February 1866 edition of Notes and Queries magazine includes this:

“A Pembrokeshire proverb. Eat an apple on going to bed, And you'll keep the doctor from earning his bread.”

A number of variants of the rhyme were in circulation around the turn of the 20th century. In 1913, Elizabeth Wright recorded a Devonian dialect version and also the first known mention of the version we use now, in Rustic Speech and Folk-lore:

“Ait a happle avore gwain to bed, An' you'll make the doctor beg his bread; or as the more popular version runs: An apple a day Keeps the doctor away.”

Apples have a good claim to promote health. They contain Vitamin C, which aids the immune system, and phenols, which reduce cholesterol. They also reduce tooth decay by cleaning one's teeth and killing off bacteria. It has also been suggested by Cornell University researchers that the quercetin found in apples protects brain cells against neuro-degenerative disorders like Alzheimer's Disease.

Apples may be good for us but it wasn't their precise medicinal properties that were being exalted when this phrase was coined. In Old English the word apple was used to describe any round fruit that grew on a tree. Adam and Eve's forbidden fruit, which they ate in the Garden of Eden, is often described as an apple but, in the 1611 King James Version of the Bible, it is just called “a fruit”.

Phrases.org.uk

Science & Technology

FEATURED: Genes for face shape identified • Breakthrough in quantum photonics promises a new era in optical circuits

Pandemic caused 'staggering' economic, human impact in developing counties, research says • Long live superconductivity! Short flashes of light with sustaining impact

Computer model can determine whether you'll die from COVID-19 • Gap between the 'haves' and 'have nots' widened by the COVID pandemic: study Phys.org / MedicalXpress / TechXplore

FEATURED: Watch blue whales try to dodge ships in Patagonia In a warming world, it's better to be a small mammal than a bird

Mutant zebrafish with extra fin bones may hold clues to how the first animals walked on land • Astronomy surveys aim to up the pace with army of tiny robots

Marmosets eavesdrop on their neighbors - and judge them accordingly • Lizards may be protecting people from Lyme disease in the southeastern United States Science AAAS

Bizarre News (we couldn’t make up stuff this good - real news story)

Venus flytraps produce magnetic fields when they eat

Carnivorous plants known as Venus flytraps (Dionaea muscipula) lure insects between their blushing leaves with a fragrant nectar. When these insect-hungry plants snap down on their unassuming prey, they generate a measurable magnetic field, according to a new study.

The plant's magnetic field is more than a million times weaker than Earth's. Rather than serving a function for the plant this magnetic field is likely a byproduct of electrical energy that flows through its leaves, said lead author Anne Fabricant, a doctoral candidate at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz and the Helmholtz Institute Mainz in Germany. Still, it's one of the first such fields ever detected in plants.

“Wherever there is electrical activity, there should also be magnetic activity”, Fabricant told Live Science. The laws of electromagnetism dictate that anything with an electrical current also generates a magnetic field; and that includes humans, animals and plants. In fact, it's such a common phenomenon among living things that there's a name associated with it: biomagnetism. But while much research focused on such magnetic fields in humans and animals, not much has been done to understand biomagnetism in the plant world.

In the new study, Fabricant and her team used tiny glass sensors called "atomic magnetometers" that contain a vapor of atoms that are sensitive to magnetic fields, according to a statement. They then triggered electrical energy, in the form of an action potential, to flow through the Venus flytrap. Action potentials, which also occur in animal and human nervous systems, are bursts of electrical energy that allow cells to communicate.

Action potentials serve a "vital" function for the Venus flytrap, triggering the plant to close its leaves around insects that touch sensitive hairs on the plants' leaves, Fabricant said.

But the researchers stimulated the plant in another way, by using heat. They found that when stimulated, the Venus flytrap created a magnetic field up to a strength of 0.5 picotesla. That's similar to the levels generated by nerve impulses in animals, according to the statement.

Magnetic fields have only been detected in two other plants prior to this study, a single-cell algae and a bean plant, Fabricant said. But those were measured using superconducting-quantum-interference-device (SQUID) magnetometers, which are just as bulky as their name and need to be cooled to extremely low temperatures, she said.

“It's exciting to demonstrate plant-biomagnetic measurements using atomic magnetometers, which operate at room temperature and can be portable and miniaturized," Fabricant said. "The fact that we were able to detect magnetic fields gives some hints about how electric currents are distributed in the trap.” The researchers hope to measure even tinier magnetic fields in other plant species, according to the statement.

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Live Science (01/05/2021)